37. In humans, pyruvate can be converted to
(A)acetyl-CoA only.
(B) lactate only.
(C) ethanol only.
(D)acetyl-CoA and lactate.

38. The following item was the most important one for the development of PCR as a commercially successful and widely-used procedure: (A)Taq DNA Polymerase. (B) Heat-resistant DNA. (C) Heat-resistant primers for DNA synthesis. (D)Robotic machines to run the PCR® procedure. (E) Heat-resistant nucleoside triphosphate substrates.

39. What is the net ATP yield per glucose during glycolysis? (A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4 (E)6

複選題40. What is the relationship between glycolysis and cancer? (A)cancer cells lack a glycolytic pathway (B) cancer cells use a modified version of glycolysis (C) cancer cells exhibit a much higher level of anaerobic glycolysis than normal cells (D)none of these

41. When mitochondria are actively carrying out aerobic respiration (A)the pH of the matrix is greater than the pH of the intermembrane space. (B) the pH of the matrix is less than the pH of the intermembrane space. (C) the pH of the matrix is about the same as the pH of the intermembrane space. (D)the pH of the matrix versus the intermembrane space has nothing to do with whether not aerobic respiration is occurring.

42. The ultimate electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is (A)NAD+. (B) FAD. (C) oxygen. (D)ADP. (E) none of these

43. Chemiosmotic coupling involves this process: (A)Using an electron gradient to synthesize ATP. (B) Using a proton gradient to synthesize ATP. (C) Using oxygen flow to synthesize ATP. (D)Using a proton gradient to make water from oxygen. (E) These are all chemiosmotic processes.

44. Which of the following are related for a given enzyme? (A)Vmax, KM, and percentage of α-helix (B) Vmax, kcat, and percentage of β-sheet (C) Vmax, kcat, and turnover number (D)Vmax, KM, and molecular weight (E) None of these are related in any way

45. The KM of hexokinase for glucose = 0.15 mM and for fructose, KM = 1.5 mM. Which is the preferred substrate? (A)Glucose. (B) Fructose. (C) Neither substrate is preferred over the other. (D)You cannot tell from the data given. (E) None of these answers is correct.

46. The value of changes in (A)competitive inhibition (B) noncompetitive inhibition (C) both forms of inhibition (D)neither form of inhibition

47. 57. What is the pH of an acetic acid solution where the concentration of acetic acid is 2 mM and the concentration of sodium acetate is 20 mM. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76. (A)5.76 (B)10.6 (C)12.6 (D)8.8

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