37. Which of the following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver?
(A) Alanine.
(B) Glutamate.
(C) Palmitate.
(D) Pyruvate.
(E) α-ketoglutarate.

38. Which of the following reactions is catalyzed by a transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway?I. fructose-6-P + glyceraldehyde-3-P → xylulose-5-P + erythrose-4-PII. erythrose-4-P + fructose-6-P → sedoheptulose-7-P + glyceraldehyde-3-PIII. sedoheptulose-7-P + glyceraldehyde-3-P → ribose-5-P + xylulose-5-P(A) I only.(B) II and III.(C) II only.(D) I and III.(E) I and II.

39. Fructose in the diet or fructose from sucrose in the diet can be a source of calories for fat synthesis in the liver because: (A) ketoses are fattening. (B) fructose enters glycolysis after the primary regulation point, phosphofrutokinase-1 (PFK-1). (C) fructose provides a net of four ATP from glycolysis. (D) fructose enters the branch of glycolysis that forms fat. (E) glycerol (the "backbone" of triacylglycerols) comes specifically from fructose.

40. If yeast cells were given glucose that was labeled with at carbon 3, where would the by found after glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? (A) CO2. (B) Ethanol, C1. (C) Ethanol, C2. (D) Lactic acid, C1. (E) Lactic acid, C3.

41. If the pBR322 plasmid were treated with PstI in order to insert a gene into the plasmid, which of the following would be correct regarding cells that were transformed with the resulting vector?  (A) cells that contained the desired vector would be resistant to ampicillin but sensitive to tetracycline. (B) cells that contained the desired vector would be resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to ampicillin. (C) cells that contained the desired vector would be resistant to both ampicillin and tetracycline. (D) cells that contained the desired vector would be sensitive to both ampicillin and tetracycline. (E) none of the above.

42. A molecule such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) works to uncouple the proton gradient of the electron-transport chain. Which of the following is true about 2,4-DNP? (A) 2,4-DNP is protonated in the mitochondria matrix and deprotonated in the intermembrane space. (B) The presence of an uncoupler results in an increase in the activity of the TCA cycle and electron transport. (C) 2,4-DNP is a very ineffective uncoupler because its hydrophobic structure prevents it from effectively crossing lipid bilayer membranes. (D) 2,4-DNP has been used as a very effective diet aid for the past 70 years. (E) None of the above are correct.

43. Under anaerobic conditions, skeletal muscle generates lactate from pyruvate to: (A) lower the pH. (B) promote release of oxygen from hemoglobin. (C) generate additional ATP. (D) be warning of muscle fatigue. (E) regenerate NAD+ for further glycolysis.

44. In a number of species calorie restriction without malnutrition may slow the biological aging process, resulting in longer maintenance of youthful health and an increase in both median and maximum lifespan. Which of the followings is involved in the underlying mechanism? (A) Decrease in body weight. (B) Inhibition of AMPK. (C) Activation of sirtuin. (D) Activation of mTOR. (E) Inhibition of autophagy.

45. Of the following, which polarity pattern is correct? (Five different molecules with indicated partial charges provided) (A)(B)(C)(D)(E)

46. During the β-oxidation of the given fatty acid,, which metabolite could be correct?(A) ①③⑤ (B) ⑤ (C) ②③⑤ (D) ②④⑤ (E) ①②③④⑤

47. Which biological molecule plays key role to transport long chain fatty acids into mitochondrial matrix? (Five different molecules provided) (A)(B) (C)(D)(E)

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