48. Thymidylate synthase methylates dUMP at 5 position to make dTMP. The methyl donor is _________.
(A) S-adenosylmethionine
(B) methylene-THF
(C) 5-methyl-THF
(D) taurine
(E) creatine.

49. Synthesis of triacylglycerol in adipocytes requires high level of glucose in the blood, because: (A) glycolysis of glucose provides high level of acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis. (B) glycolysis of glucose provides high level of ATP. (C) glycolysis of glucose provides dihydroxyacetone phosphate for glycerol phosphate synthesis. (D) glycolysis of glucose provides high level of NADH for fatty acid synthesis. (E) pentose phosphate pathway provides high level of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.

50. Nitrifying bacteria obtain their chemical energy from: (A) the reduction of NO3 to . (B) the formation of  from N2 gas. (C) the oxidation of  to N2. (D) the oxidation of to  (E) the formation of NO2, from

6. Which of the following compounds can adopt a chair conformation in which there are no axial methyl groups? (A) 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane (B) cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (C) trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (D) trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane

1. Which description below about C3 and C4 plants are INCORRECT? (A) Among all plant families, the grass family has the highest number of species using the C4 photosynthetic pathway. (B) Photosynthesis in C3 plants lead to lowerfractionation compared to that in C4 plants. (C) C4 photosynthesis is evolutionarily younger than C3 photosynthesis. (D) C4 plants are in general more efficient in water usage than C3 plants.

2. In a forest ecosystem, the majority of the net primary production________. (A) becomes dead organic matter. (B) is consumed by herbivores. (C) stays within the plants for multiple years.

3. '"'An alien species whose populations are surviving and reproducing beyond the location of introduction" is the definition of an________. (A) Introduced species (B) Exotic species (C) Non-native species (D) Invasive species (E) Naturalized species

4. ''Some animals may reduce metabolic rate to save energy. This behavior may last for several months during summer."" The sentence above describes________. (A) hibernation (B) torpor (C) estivation (D) deep sleep

5. Net primary production (NPP) is________. (A) amount of solar energy captured by algae in oceans and converted into the biomass. (B) total primary production by all primary producers in the ecosystem. (C) the amount of biomass, produced by autotrophs, which is available to the consumers in the ecosystem. (D) the amount of biomass produced by heterotrophic consumer organisms. (E) none of the above.

複選題6. Annual actual evapotranspiration (AET), which represents the total amount of water that evaporates and transpires off a landscape during one year, and is measured in mm of water per year, is influenced by________. (A) temperature and air humidity. (B) precipitation and air humidity. (C) precipitation and temperature. (D) precipitation and wind speed. (E) wind speed and solar radiation.

7. After landslide happens and the part of the mountain slope slides down into the valley, vegetation slowly recovers by primary succession. At the initial stage of the succession, plants growing on the landslide are limited by________. (A) nitrogen. (B) phosphorus. (C) both nitrogen and phosphorus. (D) light availability. (E) too steep slope.

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