6. Fertilization
(A) joins two haploid sets of chromosomes and activates development in the egg.
(B) joins two diploid sets of chromosomes.
(C) joins two diploid sets of chromosomes and activates development in the egg.
(D) activates development in the egg.
(E) joins two haploid sets of chromosomes.

7.The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that hormonal regulation (A) is an ancient process whose function diversified through evolution. (B) was a recent evolutionary adaptation. (C) is required only of nonsteroid hormones. (D) is not critical to all animals. (E) was not required in fish and amphibians.

8. Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their (A) nucleotide sequence. (B) size. (C) ability to bind to mRNA. (D) solubility in water. (E) solubility in the gel.

9.Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? (A) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. (B) Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH. (C) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. (D) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. (E) The pyruvate molecules are oxidized and two NAD+ are reduced.

10. Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events ofthe Cambrian explosion? (A) Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels led to a mass extinction event. (B) A great surge of volcanic activity was triggered by significant movements of the continental plates and possibly by an asteroid impact. (C) Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification. (D) The massive growth of swamp vegetation depleted the atmosphere's carbon dioxide and eventually cooled the Earth's climate. (E) Solar flares led to increased UV radiation intensity, which in turn promoted a high rate of mutation. This led to rapid diversification of animals.

11. Most CO2 is transported to the lungs (A) as carbonic anhydrase. (D) attached to hemoglobin. (B) as carboxyl. (C) as bicarbonate ions. (E) dissolved in the plasma.

12. fMRI technology can provide significant insights into brain function by (A) detecting damaged areas of the brain. (B) measuring changes in blood oxygen usage at sites of brain activity. (C) measuring areas of electronegativity. (D) stimulating oxygen-depleted areas. (E) measuring the pathway of nerve impulses.

13. Which ofthe following statements regarding the Golgi apparatus is false? (A) The Golgi apparatus works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum. (B) The Golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production. (C) The Golgi apparatus sorts molecules according to their destination. (D) The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory. (E) The Golgi apparatus modifies chemicals received from the endoplasmic reticulum.

14. Neurotransmitters that open channels and trigger action potentials in receiving cells are called (A) blocked. (B) inhibitory. (C) cross-linked. (D) excitatory.(E) obligatory.

15. Which of the following statements about blood clotting is true? (A) Threads of fibrin trap blood cells and platelets. (B) Fibrin is enzymatically converted to fibrinogen.  (C) During the clotting response, platelets rapidly congregate in the interstitial fluid. (D) The first response to an injury is dilation of the damaged blood vessels. (E) Chemicals released by platelets prevent cell division in smooth muscle and connective tissues.

16. Which of the following statements regarding infertility and fertilization procedures is true? (A) Embryos fertilized through assisted reproductive technologies cannot be frozen for later use, as they degrade rapidly. (B) Children conceived using reproductive technologies such as IVF and ICSI display a high rate of abnormalities resulting from these procedures. (C) In IVF, fertilization occurs in a dish. The embryo is allowed to develop for several days, then the embryo is placed into the uterus. (D) In GIFT, sperm are injected into an embryo in vitro, and the embryo is placed into the oviducts. (E) The most common cause of human infertílity is female infertility problems.

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