12. fMRI technology can provide significant insights into brain function by
(A) detecting damaged areas of the brain.
(B) measuring changes in blood oxygen usage at sites of brain activity.
(C) measuring areas of electronegativity.
(D) stimulating oxygen-depleted areas.
(E) measuring the pathway of nerve impulses.

13. Which ofthe following statements regarding the Golgi apparatus is false? (A) The Golgi apparatus works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum. (B) The Golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production. (C) The Golgi apparatus sorts molecules according to their destination. (D) The Golgi apparatus serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory. (E) The Golgi apparatus modifies chemicals received from the endoplasmic reticulum.

14. Neurotransmitters that open channels and trigger action potentials in receiving cells are called (A) blocked. (B) inhibitory. (C) cross-linked. (D) excitatory.(E) obligatory.

15. Which of the following statements about blood clotting is true? (A) Threads of fibrin trap blood cells and platelets. (B) Fibrin is enzymatically converted to fibrinogen.  (C) During the clotting response, platelets rapidly congregate in the interstitial fluid. (D) The first response to an injury is dilation of the damaged blood vessels. (E) Chemicals released by platelets prevent cell division in smooth muscle and connective tissues.

16. Which of the following statements regarding infertility and fertilization procedures is true? (A) Embryos fertilized through assisted reproductive technologies cannot be frozen for later use, as they degrade rapidly. (B) Children conceived using reproductive technologies such as IVF and ICSI display a high rate of abnormalities resulting from these procedures. (C) In IVF, fertilization occurs in a dish. The embryo is allowed to develop for several days, then the embryo is placed into the uterus. (D) In GIFT, sperm are injected into an embryo in vitro, and the embryo is placed into the oviducts. (E) The most common cause of human infertílity is female infertility problems.

17. Why has it been so difficult for researchers to develop effective antivirals for HIV? (A) due to the damaged helper T cells that are targets for HIV (B) because the virus is able to produce DNA as an intermediate in viral replication (C) because HIV has a high mutation rate (D) because HIV is a sexually transmitted viral disease (E) because evolution favors a rapidly expanding viral population

18. A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of (A) incomplete dominance. (B) codominance. (C)pleiotropy. (D) blending inheritance. (E) polygenic inheritance.

19.Which of the following is a part of the immune system? (A) endocrine system (B) bone marrow (C) pancreas (D) liver (E) lungs

20. Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false? (A) Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great. (B) AIDS was around for decades before becoming a widespread epidemic. (C) RNA viruses tend to have an unusually high rate of mutation because their RNA genomes cannot be corrected by proofreading. (D) Some new viral diseases arise as a result of a mutation of existing viruses. (E) New viral diseases often emerge when a virus infects a new host species.

21. Heating inactivates enzymes by (A) breaking the covalent bonds that hold the molecule together. (B) changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape. (C) causing enzyme molecules to stick together. (D) removing phosphate groups from the enzyme. (E) inducing the addition of amino acids.

22. Most animals are (A) substrate feeders. (B) suspension feeders. (C) fluid feeders. (D) parasites. (E) bulk feeders.

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