65. Which of the following is common to both avian and mammalian development?
(A) gray crescent
(B) epiblast and hypoblast
(C) holoblastic cleavage
(D) trophoblast
(E) yolk plug

66. In a frog embryo, the blastocoel is (A) the cavity that becomes the coelom. (B) lined with endoderm during gastrulation. (C)completely obliterated by yolk platelets. (D) located primarily in the animal hemisphere. (E) the cavity that later forms the archenteron.

67. In the early development of an amphibian embryo, an important "organizer" is the (A)dorsal lip of the blastopore. (B) notochord. (C) neural tube. (D) dorsal ectoderm. (E) archenteron roof.

68. Receptor sites for neurotransmitters are located on the (A) tips of axons. (B) axon membranes in the regions of the nodes of Ranvier. (C) membranes of synaplic vesicles. (D) presynaptic membrane. (E) postsynaptic membrane.

69. Of the following components of the nervous system, which is the most inclusiusive? (A)central nervous system (B) neuron (C)brain (D)spinal cord (E) gray matter

70. Action potentials are usually propagated in only one direction along an axon because(A)ions can flow along the axon only in one direction.(B) the brief refractory period prevents opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.(C)the nodes of Ranvier conduct only in one direction.(D) the axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the tips of the axon.(E) both sodium and potassium vollage-gated channels open in one direction.

71. Some sharks close their eyes just before they bite. Although they cannot see their prey, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects, and they can find batteries buried under the sand of an aquarium. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that (A) a male silkworm moth locates a mate. (B) a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river. (C) a bat can find moths in the dark. (D) a Natworm avoids light places. (E) a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow.

72. The transduction of sound waves to action potentials takes place (A) as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron. (B) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter molecules that stimulate sensory neurons. (C) within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes. (D) within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells. (E) as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds.

73. Clams and lobsters both have exoskeletons, but lobsters have much greater mobility. Why? (A) The lobster skeleton can actively contract, while the clam skeleton lacks its own contractile mechanism. (B) Clams only have adductor muscles that hold the shell closed, whereas lobsters have both abductor and adductor muscles. (C) Clams can only grow by adding to the outer edge of the shell, whereas lobsters molt and repeatedly replace their exoskeleton with a larger, more flexible one. (D) Lobsters have a jointed exoskeleton, allowing for the flexible movement of appendages and body parts at the joints. (E) The paramyosin of clam muscles holds them in a low-energy state of contraction, whereas lobster muscles are very similar to vertebrate striated muscles.

74. Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate? (A) savanna cool temperature, precipitation uniform during the year (B) temperate deciduous forest-relatively short growing season, imild winters (C) tropical forests nearly constant photoperiod and temperature (D) temperate grasslands relatively warm winters, most rainfall in summer (E) tundra-long summers, mild winters

75. Which of the following do all terrestrial biomes have in common? (A) clear boundaries between adjacent biomes (B) annual average rainfall in excess of 25 cm (C) cold winter months (D) a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns (E) vegetation demonstrating vertical stratification

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