8. Which of the following compounds can not serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis?
(A) Lactate.
(B) Oxaloacetate.
(C) Acetate.
(D) α-Ketoglutarate.
(E) Glycerol.

9. Which of the following statements about citric acid cycle is true? (1) Citric acid cycle plays roles in both catabolism and anabolism. (2) All enzymes of the cycle are located in the matrix, except malate dehydrogenase. (3) Both oxidation and decarboxylation reactions are involved in the generation of α-ketoglutarate from isocitrate. (4) The enzyme catalyzed the production of citrate is an allosteric enzyme that is inhibited by NADH, ATP, and succinyl-CoA.  (5) The step involves FAD in the citric acid cycle before the step that generates GTP. (A) 1, 2, and 4 are true. (B) 1, 3, 4 and 5 are true. (C) 1, 3, and 4 are true. (D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 are true. (E) All are true.

10. Which one of lipid metabolites does not act as a biological signal? (A) Arachidonic acid. (B) Lysophosphatidic acid. (C) Wax. (D) Inositol phosphates. (E) Sphingosine-1-phosphate.

11. Which one does not mainly distribute on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane? (A) Glycoprotein. (B) Glycolipid. (C) GPI-anchored protein. (D) Phosphatidylcholine. (E) Phosphatidylserine.

12. Which one is not a lipid anchored protein? (A) Caveolin. (B) Glycophorin. (C) Lamin A. (D) Src. (E) GPI-anchored protein.

13. Which one is incorrect regarding β and ω oxidation of fatty acids? (A) β oxidation takes place in mitochondrial inner matrix. (B) ω oxidation occurs in ER. (C) Mono-unsaturated FA needs enoyl-CoA isomerase. (D) Final products contain acetyl-CoA. (E) The length of fatty acid ＞ 12C utilizes ω oxidation.

14. Which one is not the fate of cholesterol? (A) Incorporated into the plasma membranes in hepatocytes. (B) Synthesis of biliary cholesterol and bile acid. (C) Synthesis of vitamin D. (D) Formation of triacylglycerol in VLDL. (E) Synthesis of hormones for extrahepatic tissues.

15. Which lipoprotein contains the most abundant cholesterol? (A) Chylomicron. (B) VLDL. (C) LDL. (D) IDL. (E) HDL.

16. Which one has a less relevance to cardiovascular diseases? (A) High LDL. (B) High HDL. (C) Trans unsaturated fatty acid. (D) Long Saturated fatty acid. (E) 06 fatty acid.

17. All are true for DNA polymerase   except  : (A) generates dsDNA from ssDNA. (B) synthesizes new strands by adding successive nucleotides in the 5'→3' direction. (C) copies the sequence of nucleotides of one strand in a complementary fashion. (D) requires a primer with a free 5'-OH end, but the 3'-end may be phosphorylated. (E) copies the sequence of nucleotides of one strand to form a new second strand.

18. The higher the ____ content of a DNA, the ____ the melting temperature, and the ____ the ionic strength, the ____ the melting temperature. (A) G:C； higher； lower； lower (B) G:C； lower； higher； lower (C) G:C； higher； higher； lower (D) A:T； higher； higher； lower (E) A:T； lower； lower； higher

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