9. A compound containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is
(A) cardiolipin
(B) ganglioside GM2
(C) phosphatidylcholine
(D) platelet-activating factor
(E) sphingomyelin

10. Which of these statements about the composition of biological membranes is false? (A) In a given eukaryotic cell type (for example, a hepatocyte), all intracellular membranes have essentially the same complement of lipids and proteins (B) The carbohydrate found in membranes is virtually all part of either glycolipids or glycoproteins (C) The plasma membranes of the cells of vertebrate animals contain more cholesterol than the mitochondrial membranes (D) The ratio of lipid to protein varies widely among cell types in a single organism (E) Triacylglycerols are not commonly found in membranes

11. Ubiquitin is a (A) component of the electron transport system (B) protease (C) protein kinase (D) protein phosphorylase (E) protein that tags another protein for proteolysis

12. Which of the following does not involve cyclic AMP? (A) Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown (B) Regulation of glycolysis (C) Signaling by acetylcholine (D) Signaling by epinephrine (E) Signaling by glucagon

13. During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is (A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate  glycerol 3-phosphate (B) glucose 6-phosphate  fructose 6-phosphate (C) isocitrate  -ketoglutarate (D) oxaloacetate  malate (E) pyruvate  lactate

14. An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is (A) 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (B) glucose 6-phosphatase (C) hexokinase (D) phosphofructokinase-1 (E) pyruvate kinase

15. The oxidation of 3 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of (A) 2 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 8 mol of CO2 (B) 3 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2 (C) 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2 (D) 4 mol of pentose, 3 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2 (E) 4 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 6 mol of CO2

16 Which of the below is not required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA? (A) ATP (B) CoA-SH (C) FAD (D) Lipoic acid (E) NAD+

17 The reaction of the citric acid cycle that produces an ATP equivalent (in the form of GTP) by substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of (A) citrate to isocitrate (B) fumarate to malate (C) malate to oxaloacetate (D) succinate to fumarate (E) succinyl-CoA to succinate

18 What is the correct order of function of the following enzymes of  oxidation? 1. β-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2. Thiolase 3. Enoyl-CoA hydratase 4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (A) 1, 2, 3, 4 (B) 3, 1, 4, 2 (C) 4, 3, 1, 2 (D) 1, 4, 3, 2 (E) 4, 2, 3, 1

19 Which substance is not involved in the production of urea from NH4+ via the urea cycle? (A) Aspartate (B) ATP (C) Carbamoyl phosphate (D) Malate (E) Ornithine

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