五、When researchers empirically evaluate government policy effects, what are some of the concerns with conducting randomized trials? How can quasi-experiments potentially help? (14 分)

貳、非選擇題【作文1題，80分】 　德國哲學家尼采曾說：「一個人知道自己為什麼而活，就能忍受任何一種生活。」在人 生路上，我們無法決定考試的難度，也無法預測球賽的輸贏，更不能控制職場任務有多繁雜， 但我們能決定看待事情的角度。 　面對沉重的學業，有人覺得是折磨，有人卻視為磨練心志的機會；在社團分工或處理庶 務時遇到挫折，有人選擇放棄，有人卻能冷靜修正方向，再次出發。外在環境就像光線，而 「態度」則是一面稜鏡，不同的角度會折射出完全不同的生命色彩。這種內在的選擇，往往 比外在條件更能決定我們能走多遠。當我們試著調整心態，原本枯燥的困境，也能看見不同 的風景。 　請以「態度」為題，寫一篇文章。分享一個具體事例，敘述「態度」如何改變你對事情 的看法、做法與最終結果。請注意：不可以詩歌體呈現。

(a) Derive the uncompensated (Marshallian) demand functions. (7%)

(b) Derive the compensated (Hicksian) demand functions. (7%)

(c) Explain the differences between the uncompensated demand and the compensated demand. (6%)

(a) What is the shutdown price for an individual firm in the short run? (5%)

(b) Derive the short-run market supply function. (5%)

(c) Find the equilibrium price and quantity in this market. (5%)

(a) Suppose the firm can distinguish between the two groups of consumers and is able to engage in third-degree price discrimination. Determine the profit-maximizing price and quantity for each group. (10%)

(b) Based on your answer in part (a), explain why the monopolist charges a higher price in one group than in the other. (5%)

Part II 1. Consider a Mundell-Fleming model (IS-LM-BP) for a small open economy with perfect capital mobility. The model is described by the following equations: Goods market: $$Y = C(Y) + I(r) + G + NX(e)$$ Money market: $$\frac{M}{P} = L(r, Y)$$ Foreign exchange market: $$r = r^*$$ where Y denotes output, C is consumption, I is investment, G is government spending, NX denotes net exports, r is the domestic interest rate, e is the exchange rate (defined as the amount of foreign currency per unit of domestic currency), and r* is the given world interest rate. Using this model, analyze the impact of an expansionary fiscal policy (an increase in government spending) on output and its effectiveness under (a) a floating exchange rate regime and (b) a fixed exchange rate regime.     Illustrate your analysis using IS-LM-BP diagrams     and provide a detailed explanation of how the economy adjusts to a new equilibrium. (10%)

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