四、分子鐘（molecular clock）可用於推估類群間的分歧時間（divergence time）。請說明分子鐘概念的定義為何？並解釋如何使用 strict molecular clock 和 relaxed molecular clock 來估算分歧時間？分子鐘分析時，有多種校訂（calibration）的來源，列舉其中三個，並加以說明。（20 分）

二、英譯中：（20 分） Compassion is often difficult because another person’s pain can feel like a door opening onto our own. To protect ourselves, we may build walls of indifference or judge others from a safe distance. Fear, prejudice, and exhaustion can further cloud our ability to recognize suffering, especially when the person in need seems unfamiliar or undeserving. Compassion also demands more than sympathy; it asks us to step beyond the borders of the self and accept emotional responsibility. In a world crowded with constant crises, the heart may grow weary and close its windows. Yet, true compassion begins when we resist that instinct and remain open.

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