1. Using the fact that a silicon diode has IS = 10-14 A at 25°C and that IS increases by 15% per 1°C rise in temperature, find the value of “IS” at 30°C. (5%)

3. The punctuated-equilibrium framework argues that policymaking in the United States is characterized by long periods of incremental change punctuated by brief periods of major policy change. The latter come about when opponents manage to fashion new policy images…..(15%)