12. Ecologists generally recognize three types of competition. One of them is interference. What are the other two? Explain the three types of competition (Write down their definitions). (5 points)

13. In many groups of organisms, such as birds and trees, there exists a latitudinal diversity gradient, in which species richness is highest in low latitudes, and gradually decreases with increasing latitudes. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this pattern. List three hypotheses and provide the rationales. (9 points)

14. What are the four categories of ecosystem services? (4 points)

15. Please give the definition of evolution and describe how it works. (10 points)

16. Please draw a phylogenetic tree, illustrating the relationships among Oncorbynchus masou (known as masu salmon), Latimeria chalumnae (West Indian Ocean coelacanth), and yourself, Homo sapiens (human). Explain why. (10 points)

17. Please describe Red Queen Hypothesis and explain how it works. (10 points)

(a) isothermal compression (10%) and

(b) isentropic compression (15%).

(a) the mass fow rate of the steam (10%),

(b) the exit velocity (10%), and

(c) the flow work per unit mass (5%). At 150 kPa, we know that the specific volume for saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor are vf= 0.001053 m3/kg and vg= 1.1594 m3/kg, respectively. The internal energy for saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor are uf= 466.97 kJikg and ug= 2519.2 kJfkg, respectively. The enthalpy for saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor are hf = 467.13 kJkg and hg = 2693.1 k.I/kg, respectively.

115年 - [無官方正解]115 國立臺灣大學_ 碩士班招生考試試題：生態與演化生物學#137650

110年 - 110 國立臺灣大學_碩士班招生考系所_生命科學研究所:生態與演化生物學#101257