4. 鐮型紅血球症由一對等位基因 A(正常血紅素)與 S(鐮型血紅素)控制，在某瘧疾流行地區，研究顯示此三種基因型能活到成年且具生殖能力的機率(W)：在該地區某族群中成年具生殖能力者進行查後發現，56%的個體患有鐮型貧血症。若該族群內隨機交配產生下一世代，試推算下一世代族群成年後 S 等位基因的頻率為何?(計算過程與答案皆 4 捨 5 入到小數點後第三位)。

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蝦皮:警察法規白話解題

詳解 #6421265

2025/05/15

這個問題涉及到族群遺傳學中的天擇和哈溫...

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4. 小分子核糖核酸(micro-RNA)相關研究近年來蓬勃發展，試解釋 micro-RNA 如何影響細胞的生理活性(2 分)，並以論文摘要的主旨(如附)或相關知識為題幹仿照現行分科測驗的模式設計一個單選題與一個多選題，需附上答案與詳解。Among different age groups, middle-aged individuals are particularly susceptible to obesity, with a 22% higher risk of all-cause mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we identify adipose progenitor cells (APCs) in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of middle-aged subjects as potential causes of midlife obesity. Specifically, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from APCs display an impaired ability to mitigate the inflammaging of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in middle-aged individuals. Mechanistically, these EVs, lacking miR-145-5p, fail to suppress the expression of L-selectin in ATMs, thereby facilitating their M1 program via the NF-κB signaling pathway. In contrast, EVs from young APCs effectively inhibit M1 macrophage polarization. Accordingly, targeted liposomes are designed to deliver miR-145-5p mimics to ATMs, which effectively prevent the obesity in middle-aged mice. Collectively, our findings highlight the role of APC-derived EVs in midlife obesity and propose miR-145-5p as a promising therapeutic target for clinical applications.(摘自 Zhou, Q., Gao, J., Wu, G. et al. Adipose progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles suppress macrophage M1 program to alleviate midlife obesity. Nat Commun 16,2743 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57444-y) 翻譯：obesity 肥胖症／adipose progenitor cells 脂肪前驅幹細胞／mitigate 緩解／facilitating 促進／M1 macrophage polarization M1 型巨噬細胞極化，與發炎反應有關

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