6. Explain the biochemical and structural constraints that make the formation of Okazaki fragments necessary during the replication of the lagging strand. (6 pts)

7. When expressing a eukaryotic protein in a bacterial host, why is it critical to use cDNA rather than genomic DNA? (4 pts)

8. In quantitative PCR (qPCR), why do we focus on the Ct value (Threshold Cycle) rather than the final amount of product at the end of the reaction? (3 pts) Briefly define what the Ct value represents. (3 pts)

9. You observe that adding DNase to a bacterial culture prevents the bacteria from acquiring a new hereditary trait. Based on this observation, which gene transfer mechanism is occurring (Transformation, Transduction, or Conjugation)? Explain your reasoning. (4 pts)

10. Why is a frameshift mutation located at the beginning of a coding region generally more detrimental to protein function than a missense mutation? Briefly explain the reason. (4 pts)

(1) The number of moles of aspirin in one tablet.

(2) The number of aspirin molecules in one tablet.Report both answers to 3 significant figures using scientific notation.

35. The Ksp values of three sulfide salts are given below:(A) CuS: 8.5 × 10⁻⁴⁵; (B) Ag₂S: 1.6 × 10⁻⁴⁹; (C) Bi₂S₃: 1.1 × 10⁻⁷³Arrange the salts in order of decreasing molar solubility:_____> _______>_______.

36. Silver crystallizes in a cubic closest packing (ccp) structure, which corresponds to a face-centered cubic (fcc) unit cell, as shown. The atomic radius of silver is r = 1.44 Å. Calculate the density of silver by completing the following steps. Report all calculated values to 3 significant figures.(1) There are effectively _ silver atoms in one unit cell.(2) The edge length of the unit cell, d, is _ Å.(3) The volume of the unit cell is _ cm³.(4) The total mass of silver in one unit cell is _ g.(5) The density of solid silver is _ g/cm³.

37. Pure water freezes at 0.00°C under 1 atm, and its molal freezing-point depression constant is Kƒ = -1.86°C kg mol⁻¹. A solution is prepared by dissolving 14.84 g of a non-electrolyte in 291.7 g of water. The freezing point of the solution is -0.276°C. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Report your answer to 3 significant figures.

38. The complex ion [CoBr₄]²⁻ has a tetrahedral geometry. Answer the following questions.(1) How many 3d electrons are present in the cobalt center?(2) Draw the crystal-field splitting diagram for the 3d orbitals in a tetrahedral ligand field and indicate the electron configuration by placing the electrons in the appropriate orbitals.

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