10. Which lipid is not a signal messenger?
(A) Phosphatidylinositol.
(B) Estradiol.
(C) Sphingolipid.
(D) Vitamin K.
(E) Eicosanoid.

11. Which lipid is wildly used in apoptosis detection? (A) Phosphatidylglycerol. (B) Phosphatidylethanolamine. (C) Sphingomyelin. (D) Phosphatidylcholine. (E) Phosphatidylserine.

12. Which one is an ω-6 fatty acid? (A) EPA (B) DHA (C) Arachidonic acid (D) α-Linolenic acid (E) Tetracosahexaenoic

13. Which fatty acid is not oxidized with β oxidation? (A) Palmitic acid (16:0). (B) Linoleic acid (18:2()). (C) Phytanic acid. (D) Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5()). (E) Long chain odd number lipid.

14. Hexokinase and glucokinase belong to the kinase subclass of what class of enzymes? (A) Oxidoreductase. (B) Isomerase. (C) Transferase. (D) Hydrolase. (E) Lyase.

15. The metabolic function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to: (A) act as a source of ADP biosynthesis. (B) generate NADPH and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids. (C) participate in oxidation-reduction reactions during the formation of H2O. (D) provide intermediates for the citric acid cycle. (E) synthesize phosphorus pentoxide.

16. The double helix of DNA in the B-form is stabilized mostly by: (A) hydrogen bonds between the riboses of each strand. (B) ribose interactions with the planar base pairs. (C) nonspecific base-stacking interaction between two adjacent bases in the same strand. (D) hydrogen bonding between the phosphate groups of two side-by-side strands. (E) covalent bonds between the 3' end of one strand and the 5' end of the other.

17. Which of the following restriction sites would provide staggered 3'ends? The restriction site in each sequence is shown with an arrow. (A) (B) (C) (D)(E) None of the above.

18. Cyclic electron flow in chloroplasts produces: (A) ATP and O2, but not NADPH. (B) ATP, but not NADPH or O2. (C) NADPH and ATP, but not O2. (D) NADPH, but not ATP or O2. (E) O2, but not ATP or NADPH.

19. Which of the following metabolites is not involved in the amino acid catabolism: (A) Pyruvate. (B) α-Ketoglutarate. (C) Citrulline. (D) Oxoloacetate. (E) glycerol.

20. Aminotransferases are enzymes that have all of the following characteristics except: (A) can make an α-ketoacid from an α-amino acid. (B) use pyridoxal phosphate as a carrier of amino groups. (C) catalyze highly reversible reactions. (D) use ATP. (E) serum levels are used as a clinical measure of tissue damage.

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