13. Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step of fatty acid biosynthesis?
(A) Fatty acid synthase
(B) HMG-CoA reductase
(C) Pyruvate carboxylase
(D) Thiolase
(E) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

14. Nitrate reductase reduces NO3 to NO2 with a trace element cofactor. What is this trace element? (A) Co (B) Mo (C) Mn (D) Fe (E) Sn

15. What role does adenylate cyclase play in signal transduction? (A) Activates phospholipase C (B) Converts ATP to cAMP (C) Produces IPs and DAG from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (D) Activates protein kinase A directly (E) Converts GTP to GDP 

16. A plasmid that encodes resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline is digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, which cuts the plasmid at a single site in the tetracycline-resistance gene. The plasmid DNA is then annealed with an EcoRI digest of human DNA, ligated, and used to transform E. coli cells. What antibiotic would you put in an agar plate to ensure that the cells of a bacterial colony contain the plasmid? (A) Ampicillin. (B) Tetracycline. (C) Ampicillin and tetracycline (D) Any antibiotic will do. (E) The agar plate should not contain any antibiotic.

17. During the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, the final three carbons are released.Which molecule is a required cofactor for the enzyme to produce succinyl-CoA in the final step? (A) Cobalamin (B) Riboflavin (C) Pyridoxine (D) Thiamine (E) Ascorbic acid

18. Protein X adopts a globin fold. What characteristic curve would you expect to observe in its circular dichroism (CD) spectrum? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) None of the above. (E) Can NOT determine. 

19. The oxidation of a particular hydroxy substrate to a keto product by mitochondria has a P/O ratio of less than 2. The initial oxidation step is very likely directly coupled to the: (A) reduction of a pyridine nucleotide. (B) oxidation of a flavoprotein. (C) reduction of cytochrome aз. (D) oxidation of a pyridine nucleotide. (E) reduction of a flavoprotein.

20. Which process puts NO2 and NH3 back to N2 via a group of bacteria? (A) Nitrogen fixation (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Anammox (E) Pegylation

21. The ion channel that opens in response to acetylcholine is an example of a ______ signal transduction system. (A) G protein (B) Ligand-gated (C) Receptor-enzyme (D) Serpentine receptor (E) Voltage-gated

22. When a cell with the pentose phosphate pathway has a need for more pentose phosphates, but not for additional NADPH: (A) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is activated. (B) The oxidative and non-oxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway are active. (C) The non-oxidative enzymes produce pentose phosphates from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (D) All enzymes of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway are active. (E) None of the above is true.

23. Sudden infant death syndrome has been linked in some cases to a deficiency in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Which metabolic profile would you expect in a patient with this deficiency during a period of fasting? (A) Hyperglycemia and high levels of ketone bodies. (B) Hypoglycemia and high levels of ketone bodies. (C) Hypoglycemia and low levels of ketone bodies. (D) High levels of Malonyl-CoA and increased fatty acid synthesis. (E) Accumulation of Propionyl-CoA and metabolic alkalosis.

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