20. Which process puts NO2 and NH3 back to N2 via a group of bacteria?
(A) Nitrogen fixation
(B) Denitrification
(C) Assimilation
(D) Anammox
(E) Pegylation

21. The ion channel that opens in response to acetylcholine is an example of a ______ signal transduction system. (A) G protein (B) Ligand-gated (C) Receptor-enzyme (D) Serpentine receptor (E) Voltage-gated

22. When a cell with the pentose phosphate pathway has a need for more pentose phosphates, but not for additional NADPH: (A) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is activated. (B) The oxidative and non-oxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway are active. (C) The non-oxidative enzymes produce pentose phosphates from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (D) All enzymes of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway are active. (E) None of the above is true.

23. Sudden infant death syndrome has been linked in some cases to a deficiency in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Which metabolic profile would you expect in a patient with this deficiency during a period of fasting? (A) Hyperglycemia and high levels of ketone bodies. (B) Hypoglycemia and high levels of ketone bodies. (C) Hypoglycemia and low levels of ketone bodies. (D) High levels of Malonyl-CoA and increased fatty acid synthesis. (E) Accumulation of Propionyl-CoA and metabolic alkalosis.

24. What biomolecule makes up Valine's side chain? (A) Pyruvate (B) Acetyl-CoA (C) Biotin (D) Glutamate (E) Glycine

25. The PCR reaction components do      NOT      include: (A) All four deoxynucleoside triphosphates. (B) DNA template containing the sequence to be amplified. (C) Heat-stable DNA polymerase. (D) DNA ligase. (E) Oligonucleotide primer(s).

26. Glucose labeled with in C-3 and C-4 is completely converted to acetyl-CoA via glycolysis and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. What percentage of the acetyl-CoA molecules formed will be labeled with , and in which position of the acetyl moiety will the  label be found? (A) 100% ofthe acetyl-CoA will be labeled at C-1 (carboxyl). (B) 100% of the acetyl-CoA will be labeled at C-2. (C) 50% of the acetyl-CoA will be labeled, all at C-2 (methyl). (D) No label will be found in the acetyl-CoA molecules. (E) Not enough information is given to answer this question.

27. Phosphatidic acid occupies a central position in glycerolipid metabolism. Which reaction of phosphatidic acid commits the molecule toward membrane phospholipid synthesis rather than triacylglycerol storage? (A) Dephosphorylation to diacylglycerol by phosphatidic acid phosphatase (B) Activation to CDP-diacylglycerol by CTP-dependent cytidylyltransferase (C) Acylation by acyl-CoA from 1,2-diacylglycerol (D) Hydrolysis by phospholipase C to generate second messengers (E) Translocation to lipid droplets for sequestration into neutral lipid pools

28. Which statement is      NOT      correct? (A) Free ammonia is non-toxic to animals. (B) Free ammonia is one of the nitrogen metabolites in animals. (C) Free ammonia competes with K+ for transport into astrocyte cells. (D) Free ammonia alters neuronal response to the neurotransmitter GABA. (E) Free ammonia results in elevated extracellular [K*] in the brain.

29. During seed germination, the glyoxylate pathway is important to plants because it enables them to: 1. Accomplish the net synthesis of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids from acetyl-CoA 2. Carry out the synthesis of glucose from acetyl-CoA. 3. Obtain glyoxylate from fatty acids.  4. Obtain acetyl-CoA from fatty acids. 5. Conversion of lipid to carbohydrate. (A) 1, 2, and 5 are correct. (B) 2 and 4 are correct. (C) Only 2 is correct. (D) 3 and 4 are correct. (E) 1 and 3 are correct.

30. Which amino acid catabolism would lead to anthranilic acid as an intermediate? (A) Phenylalanine (B) Histidine (C) Tryptophan (D) Threonine (E) Leucine

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