14. Which of the following sugars is an aldopentose?
(A) galactose
(B) ribulose
(C) ribose
(D) xylulose
(E) mannose.

15. Which one is of thermodynamics property and which one is kinetics relevant? (A) I is thermodynamics property and II is kinetics relevant, (B) II is thermodynamics property and I is kinetics relevant, (C) Both are kinetics relevant, (D) The answer will depend on the temperature. 

16. Which of the following is true regarding the Briggs and Haldane steady state assumption? (A) It is defined by the equation E + S = ES = E + P, (B) It states the rate of enzyme-substrate complex formation differs from the rate of enzyme-substrate disappearance, (C) The concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex reaches a constant value even in a dynamic system, (D) The enzyme-substrate complex will always dissociate to form E + P, (E) The total amount of enzyme is variable, depending on the amount of substrate available.

17. Because the enzymatic reaction rate is determined by the difference in energy between ES and , the tighter binding of the substrate, the the rate of reaction: (A) ； lower, (B) P； lower, (C) S； higher, (D)； higher, (E) S； lower.

18. cAMP and cGMP are ____________________ with phosphate esterified as a cyclic ____________________ and are important as ____________________ of cellular metabolism. (A) nucleotides； phosphodiester； inhibitors, (B) nucleotides； phosphomonoesters, regulators, (C) nucleotides； phosphodiesters, regulators, (D) nucleosides； phosphomonoesters, stimulators, (E) all of the above.

19. All are catalytic mechanisms or factors that contribute to the performance of enzymes EXCEPT: (A) entropy gain in ES formation, (B) covalent catalysis, (C) general acid or base catalysis, (D) proximity and orientation, (E) all are true.

20. Because the is near 7, ____________________ side-chains are often involved in general acid-base catalysis: (A) cysteine, (B) aspartate, (C) glutamate, (D) lysine, (E) histidine.

21. Which statement below about contrasting Hb and Mb is FALSE? (A) Hb shows sigmoidal, whereas Mb shows hyperbolic oxygen saturation curves, (B) Hb shows cooperativity, whereas Mb does not, (C) Hb binds O2 more tightly than Mb, (D) Oxygen binds to a ferrous ion in both proteins, (E) Hb-oxygen binding is dependent on physiological changes in pH, whereas Mb-oxygen binding is not.

22. The major tissues carrying out gluconeogenesis are the ____ and ____. (A) brain； muscles, (B) muscles； kidneys, (C) liver； kidneys, (D) liver； red blood cells, (E) red blood cells； brain.

23. Insulin in the bloodstream is a response to increased blood glucose, and: (A) stimulates gluconeogenesis. (B) inhibits glycolysis. (C) stimulates glycogen synthesis in muscle and liver. (D) stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver. (E) inhibits phosphoprotein phosphatase-1.

24. Bile salts are important in the initial digestion of triacylglycerols in the intestine because they: (A) are coenzymes for pancreatic lipase. (B) convert the inactive lipase into the active form. (C) emulsify the triacylglycerol globules to produce greater surface area which will increase the activity of the lipase. (D) activate the cleavage at the C-2 position. (E) permit greater permeability of the triacylglycerols through the intestinal membrane.

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