21. In sexually reproducing species, the chromosome number remains stable over time because __________ and __________ always alternate.
(A) meiosis ... interphase
(B) meiosis ... fertilization
(C) mitosis ... fertilization
(D) meiosis ... mitosis
(E) meiosis I ... meiosis II

22. In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result? (A) The mice never developed cancerous tumors. (B) The mice readily accepted tissue transplants. (C) The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory response. (D) The mice suffered from numerous allergies. (E) The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.

23. A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all these birds were suddenly eliminated by hunters, which of the following would be an immediately observable consequence? (A) emergence of malaria-resistant strains in monkey species B. (B) emergence of malaria-sensitive strains in monkey species A. (C) increased mortality in monkey species B. (D) increased mortality (death rat( E ) in monkey species A. (E) increased mortality in the malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

24. Gene therapy involves __________. (A) no serious ethical questions. (B) replacing organs affected with genetic disorders by transplants (C) allowing individuals to follow the natural progression of a genetic disorder, accompanied by psychological counseling, then drug treatment when the condition becomes life-threatening. (D) adding a functioning version of a defective gene to the cells of an individual. (E) All of the listed responses are correct.

25. You have inserted the gene for human growth factor into the E. coli lactose operon, replacing the structural genes with the gene for human growth factor. What substance must you add to your culture of bacteria to cause them to produce human growth factor for you? (A) human growth factor (B) transcription factors (C) operator protein (D) allolactose (E) repressor protein

26. Which of the following is a problem with the long-term use of glucocorticoids, such as cortisone, to treat inflammation? (A) abnormal blood clotting, which leads to excessive bruising (B) low blood glucose levels (C) suppression of the immune system (D) sleeplessness (E) long-term elevated blood pressure

27. Which of the following best describes siRNA? (A) a molecule, known as Dicer, that can degrade other mRNA sequences (B) a portion of rRNA that allows it to bind to several ribosomal proteins in forming large or small subunits (C) a single-stranded RNA that can, where it has internal complementary base pairs, fold into cloverleaf patterns (D) a double-stranded RNA that is formed by cleavage of hairpin loops in a larger precursor (E) a short double-stranded RNA, one of whose strands can complement and inactivate a sequence of mRNA

28. What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (A) are two base-pair variations in the genomes of the human population (B) are genetic markers used to study the genetic basis for disease (C) are large nucleotide differences among individuals located in coding and non-coding sequences in the genome (D) can not be the molecular basis for different alleles (E) All of the listed responses are correct.

29. The most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste disposal in desert animals would be __________. (A) uric acid because it requires very little water for excretion (B) ammonia because it is the most soluble of all the nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products (C) ammonia because it uses less energy to make than uric acid or urea (D) urea because it is less toxic than uric acid (E) uric acid because it takes less energy to make than urea

30. Prions are __________ that are thought to cause disease by __________. (A) DNA molecules ... jumping around the genome and mutating genes (B) mutant DNA molecules ... encoding toxic proteins (C) abnormally shaped proteins ... inducing similar but normally shaped proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal form (D) RNA molecules ... encoding toxic proteins (E) an abnormal type of capsid ... dramatically enhancing the rate of viral infection

31. In fungi, the function of the mycelium is (A) defense (B) dispersal to distant habitats (C) surviving a period of food shortage (D) obtaining food (E) movement

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