7. Which equation   defines   a system at equilibrium?
(A) AG ＞ 0,
(B)( ΔG° = AG,
(C) AG = 0,
(D) AG ＜ 0,
(E) AG = RT In ([products]/[reactants]).

8. All of the following statements about cyclic sugars are true EXCEPT: (A) The a-anomer has the -OH of the anomeric carbon positioned on the same side of the sugar ring from the -CH2OH, (B) The five and six membered rings are more frequently observed due to stability, (C) In a chair conformation, the predominant form has the bulkiest substituents occupying equatorial positions, (D) The carbonyl carbon becomes a chiral center, (E) They can be formed by the intramolecular reactions to hemiacetals or hemiketals.

9. What is the name of this glycosaminoglycans ? (A) Hyaluronate, (B) Keratan sulfate, (C) Dermatan sulfate, (D) Chondroitin-4-sulfate, (E) Heparin. 

10. Which is the pro-R position in glycerol ? (A) 1, (B) 2, (C) 3, (D) 4. 

11. Lipids that spontaneously form micelles, monolayers and bilayers have what property? (A) waxy, (B) amphipathic, (C) polar, (D) bipolar, (E) polyisoprenoid.

12. Nucleotides have a nitrogenous base linked to a sugar by a: (A) a-anhydride bond, (B) β-ester bond, (C) α-N-amide bond, (D) β-N-acetal (glycosidic) bond, (E) a-N-hemiacetal bond.

13. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found principally in the nucleus, but it also occurs in _____ and in _____ . (A) ribosomes； mitochondria, (B) mitochondria； chloroplasts, (C) chloroplasts； peroxisomes, (D) peroxisomes； vacuoles, (E) vacuoles； mitochondria.

14. In passive diffusion, the transported species moves across the membrane in the _____ favored direction _____. (A) kinetically； using a transport protein, (B) kinetically； without a specific transport system/molecule, (C) thermodynamically； using a transport protein, (D) thermodynamically； without a specific transport system/molecule, (E) none of the above.

15. A plot of 1/V vs. 1/[S] for an enzyme catalyzed reaction gave a line with an equation of y = 0.5x +0.2. The same enzyme with an inhibitor present gave a line with an equation of y = 1.0x + 0.4. Which of the following statements is true? (A) the type of inhibition is competitive, (B) the type of inhibition is noncompetitive, (C) the type of inhibition is uncompetitive, (D) the Km with the inhibitor present has decreased.

16. Which of the following is true regarding the Briggs and Haldane steady state assumption? (A) It is defined by the equation E + S←→ ES ←→ E + P, (B) It states the rate of enzyme-substrate complex formation differs from the rate of enzyme-substrate disappearance, (C) The concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex reaches a constant value even in a dynamic system, (D) The enzyme-substrate complex will always dissociate to form E + P, (E) The total amount of enzyme is variable, depending on the amount of substrate available.

17. Enzymes have active sites which have the greatest complementarity to the: (A) substrate, (B) transition state, (C) product, (D) both substrate and product, (E) none of the above.

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