8. At constant pressure, the reaction 2 NO₂(g) → N₂O₄(g) is exothermic. The reaction, as written, is
(A) spontaneous at high temperatures but not at low temperatures.
(B) spontaneous at low temperatures but not at high temperatures.
(C) always spontaneous.
(D) never spontaneous.
(E) not possible to determine the spontaneity from the information given.

9. A calorimeter contains 95 g of water at 25.0°C. A 5.0 g sample of ice at -5.0°C is added, and eventually all the ice melts. Calculate the final temperature of the water. Assume no heat is lost to the calorimeter or the surroundings. The specific heat capacities for water and ice are 4.200 and 2.060 J g⁻¹°C⁻¹, respectively. The heat of fusion of ice is 334 J/g. (A) 19.6°C (B) 17.5°C (C) 20.7°C (D) 21.2°C

10. When 1.00 mol of a pure liquid is vaporized at a constant pressure of 1.00 atm and at its boiling point of 320.0 K, 28.80 kJ of heat is absorbed, and the volume change is +24.90 L. What is ΔE for this process? (A) -31.32 kJ (B) +31.32 kJ (C) -26.28 kJ (D) +26.28 kJ

11. Consider the freezing of liquid water at -10°C and constant pressure. For this process, what are the signs of ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG, respectively? (A) -, -, - (B) +, -, - (C) -, +, - (D) -, +, 0 (E) +, -, 0

12. An aqueous solution of an unknown ruthenium salt is electrolyzed by a current of 2.50 A for 50.0 min. If 2.618 g Ru is produced at the cathode, what is the charge on the ruthenium ion in solution? (A) 1+ (B) 2+ (C) 3+ (D) 4+ (E) 6+

13. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is not allowed? The values are listed in the order (n, l, ml, ms). (A) 4, 1, 1, +1/2 (B) 4, 0, 0, -1/2 (C) 3, 1, 0, +1/2 (D) 5, 3, 1, -1/2 (E) 3, 3, 0, -1/2

14. The ionization energy of a hydrogen atom is 1.31 × 10⁶ J/mol. What is the ionization energy of He⁺? (A) 8.72 × 10⁻¹⁸ J/mol (B) 2.63 × 10⁶ J/mol (C) 5.25 × 10⁶ J/mol (D) 2.18 × 10⁻¹⁸ J/mol (E) 1.31 × 10⁶ J/mol

15. Which of the following species has the smallest radius? (A) Se²⁻ (B) Sr²⁺ (C) Br⁻ (D) Kr (E) Rb⁺

16. What is the hybridization of the central atom in SF₆? (A) sp (B) sp² (C) sp³ (D) dsp³ (E) d²sp³

17. The molecular orbital configuration (σ₂s)²(σ₂s*)²(π₂py)¹(π₂px)¹ corresponds to the ground state of which species? (A) Be₂ (B) Li₂⁺ (C) B₂ (D) B₂²⁻ (E) C₂

18. Most valence electron transitions occur in the _ region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Rotational transitions are typically induced by radiation in the region, and vibrational transitions are typically induced by radiation in the _ region. (A) X-ray, UV-vis, IR (B) UV-vis, IR, microwave (C) IR, microwave, UV-vis (D) Microwave, X-ray, UV-vis (E) UV-vis, microwave, IR

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