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3. 關於習得無助感(learned helplessness)的青少年通常最易做何種歸因? (A)將成功歸因於能力,將失敗歸因為努力不夠 (B)將成功歸因於努力,將失敗歸因為能力不夠 (C)將成功歸因於能力,將失敗歸因為運氣不佳 (D)將成功歸因於努力,將失敗歸因為運氣不佳

19. 泰勒(F. W. Taylor)與費堯(H. Fayol)的主張皆教育行政學有重要的影響,下列何者正確? (A)兩者皆強調責任與分工 (B)兩者皆聚焦於基層工作的改進 (C)兩者皆強調非正式組織的影響 (D)兩者皆主張權變原則的運用

42 依確認訴訟之補充性原則,下列何者不受此一原則之限制? (A)確認行政處分違法之訴訟 (B)確認行政處分無效之訴訟 (C)確認公法上法律關係成立之訴訟 (D)確認公法上法律關係不成立之訴訟

I. Language Teaching Pedagogy: Choose the best answer to each question. 1. A Grade 8 science teacher in an EMI (English as a Medium of Instruction) program in Taiwan is teaching a unit on renewable energy. Students are asked to work in groups to explain the advantages and disadvantages of solar power in English. One student, Kevin, understands the scientific concepts but struggles to express his ideas in English independently. During the activity, the teacher provides guiding questions, sentence starters (e.g., "One advantage of solar power is..."), and strategic peer support from a more proficient classmate. By the end of the lesson, Kevin is able to participate successfully in the group discussion and explain his ideas with minimal assistance.  Which of the following BEST illustrates Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)? (A) The teacher requires students to memorize a model paragraph about renewable energy and reproduce it verbatim during the discussion activity. (B) The teacher repeatedly drills key vocabulary and sentence patterns until students can produce them automatically without conceptual understanding. (C) The teacher provides temporary instructional support and collaborative assistance that enables the student to perform a task that would have been too difficult to accomplish independently. (D) The teacher simplifies the lesson by assigning students only tasks they can already complete independently without assistance or interaction.

2. A sixth-grade English teacher in a private bilingual school notices that many students become anxious when asked to speak English in front of their classmates. To create a more positive learning environment, the teacher transforms the classroom into a comfortable and aesthetically appealing space with soft lighting, colorful posters, and relaxing classical music playing in the background. Before beginning a lesson on travel English, students are invited to sit comfortably, listen to a narrated dialogue accompanied by music, and imagine themselves successfully communicating in an English-speaking country. The teacher believes that reducing psychological barriers and fostering positive emotions can enhance language acquisition.Which language teaching method is MOST clearly reflected in this instructional approach? (A) Suggestopedia, which seeks to lower learners' affective barriers and increase receptivity to language learning through relaxation, positive suggestion, and a supportive learning environment (B) The Audiolingual Method, which emphasizes the formation of correct linguistic habits through repetitive drills and immediate correction of errors (C) The Silent Way, which encourages learners to discover language patterns independently while minimizing teacher talk (D) The Grammar-Translation Method, which promotes mastery of grammatical structures through translation and explicit rule explanation

3. A Grade 8 EMI mathematics teacher introduces new academic vocabulary related to geometry. Rather than directly explaining the meaning of terms or correcting student errors, the teacher presents visual materials and colored rods and encourages students to work collaboratively to identify patterns and formulate explanations. When students make mistakes, the teacher remains largely silent and uses gestures or visual cues to prompt self-correction. The teacher believes that learners develop deeper understanding when they actively construct knowledge rather than receive it directly.  Which teaching method is MOST clearly illustrated in this scenario? (A) Audiolingualism, which promotes automatic language production through repetition and reinforcement (B) The Silent Way, which encourages learner autonomy, problem-solving, and self-discovery while minimizing teacher talk (C) Suggestopedia, which emphasizes relaxation and positive emotional experiences (D) Grammar-Translation, which emphasizes explicit explanation and translation exercises